It has been known for centuries that burning the surface of wood in open
fire will make it more durable in exterior use. Even the Vikings used this method in outdoor structures such as fences. Heat treatment of wood was scientifically studied by Stamm and Hansen in the 1930s in Germany and by White in the 1940s in the United States. In the 1950s, Germans Bavendam, Runkel, and Buro continued research into the subject. Kollman and Schneider published their findings in the 1960s, and Rusche and Burmester in the 1970’s. More recently, research work was carried out in Finland, France, and the Netherlands in the 1990s. The most intensive and comprehensive research work was conducted by VTT in Finland
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